Interaction between the state and business is one of main ways to solve social problems modern states. The relevance subject matter conditioned by fact that development forms public-private partnership provides an influx investments from private entrepreneurs in field healthcare pharmaceuticals Republic Kazakhstan. purpose study define partnerships analyse international experience implementing ...

Operation risk (OR) has affected sustainable development of urban rail transit (URT) public–private partnership (PPP) projects in China. Balanced distribution operational risks among stakeholders (the public, government, and private companies) involved URT PPP can maximize overall profit. Quantitative analysis allocation project is the key to achieve balance. Few existing studies have quantitat...

In this paper, accounting policies explicitly control resource usage within a contract architecture. Combined with a virtual resource economy, this allows efficient exchange of high-level computer services between untrustworthy participants. These services are specified as contracts, which must be signed by the participants to take effect. Each contract expresses its accounting policy using a l...

The RER which is theoretically influenced by the real interest rate differential (RRE) and currency excess return (CER), is statistically examined during 1990-2016. Accordingly, the stationarity of RER as null hypothesis is not approved in the Iranian economy. Therefore, the TVAR method is examined to analyze the nonstationary RER sample to two sub-periods stationary process which are both stat...

Senior executives typically delegate the responsibility for managing a firm's derivatives portfolio to in-house financial experts and the company's financial advisers. That's a strategic blunder, argues this Nobel laureate, because the inventiveness of modern financial markets makes it possible for companies to double or even triple their capacity to invest in their strategic assets and compete...

banks' major responsibility, as the largest financial intermediaries, is to provide and allocate resources. this activity has its own risks which cause banks to seek ways of preventing or transferring them to other places. islamic banks as substitutes of conventional banks in islamic countries have, in their turn, faced similar risks. in regard to new evolutions in banking industry and man...