Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) is a popular woody ornamental plant, often used for decorating public areas, terraces and gardens. Many diseases may decrease in the value of these plantings. Between 2018 2020, plant pathogenic bacteria were examined, many samples infected plants collected from different sites Hungary. Two non-pigmented Serratia marcescens isolates identified by classical molecula...

Different species of Streptomyces are common in most types of soil. Some certain species are plant pathogenic especially on potato. This study was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity among some local Streptomyces spp. strains isolated from soil and infected tubers in potato farms in northwest of Iran. Repetitive DNA elements (BOX, ERIC and REP) as genetic markers were used for diversity stu...

pathogens infecting mammalian cells have developed various strategies to suppress and evade their hosts’ defensive mechanisms. in this line, the intracellular bacteria that are able to survive and propagate within their host cells must have developed strategies to avert their host’s killing attitude. studying the interface of host-pathogen confrontation can provide valuable information for defi...

Infectious diseases have serious impacts on human and wildlife populations, but the effects of a disease can vary, even among individuals or populations of the same host species. Identifying the reasons for this variation is key to understanding disease dynamics and mitigating infectious disease impacts, but disentangling cause and correlation during natural outbreaks is extremely challenging. ...

The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an industrially important group of probiotic organisms that play an important role in human health by inhibiting harmful and pathogen bacteria growth, boosting immune function, and increasing resistance to infection.  This study aimed to isolate, identify, and biologically characterize probiotic LAB strains from Iranian traditional dairy products. A ...

In recent decades, the global healthcare problems caused by Clostridium difficile have increased at an alarming rate. A greater understanding of this antibiotic-resistant bacterium, particularly with respect to how it interacts with the host, is required for the development of novel strategies for fighting C. difficile infections. The surface layer (S-layer) of C. difficile is likely to be of s...

Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles. They considered as waste-management system of cells, crucial for intercellular communication information and have emerged to be mediators pathogen transmission. Pathogen derived exosomes advance infections by suppression host immune response, transmission pathogen-related molecules evasion. The ability from the virus infected cells modulate response and/or ...

Mastitis is the most costly disease for dairy farmers and industry, which are mainly caused by the entry of bacteria to the teat canal. Shortly after the entry of the invading bacteria, the innate immunity recognizes the invading pathogen through pattern recognition receptors and initiates the inflammatory response necessary to eliminate the invading bacteria. This initial inflammatory response...