we have measured the competitive antagonistic effect of chlorpheniramine in bronchi of 8 normal and 12 asthmatic subjects. classical pharmacological theory states that the degree of competitive antagonism depends only upon 1) antagonist concentration at the receptor, and 2) receptor affinity. delivery and affinity also influence agonist responsiveness, but measurement of bronchial antagonism al...

glutamate dysregulation may be involved in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. memantine, a drug approved by the fda for the treatment of moderate to severe alzheimer's disease, acts as a partial uncompetitive nmda receptor antagonist. the aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of memantine as an adjunctive treatment to olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia. in this double-blind, pl...

Background Cryopreservation of ovarian cortex is increasingly used to preserve fertility before cancer therapy. Recently, studies show that Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be involved in oocyte maturation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is member of neurotrophin family that has anti-apoptotic effects on nervous system. Recent researches show that it also plays key role in...

introduction: the etiology of male breast cancer is unclear, but hormonal levels may play a role in development of this disease. it seems that the risk of male breast cancer related to increased lifelong exposure to estrogen or reduced androgen. the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the steroid hormone receptors including estrogen receptor (er) and progesterone receptor (pr...

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed in 2012 (second most common cancer overall). This represents about 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women [1]. Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women [2]. Incidence of breast cancer is low in India compared to western countries, but it is associated with poor ...

intramascular (im) administration of apomorphine (a mixed d1/d2 dopamine receptors agonist 0.2-1.6 mg/kg) induced pecking, a stereotype behavior in pigeons in a dose- dependent manner. in this study the effect of lithium (li+, 240 mg/kg, im) and ami-193 (a new 5-ht2 antagonist, 0.003 mg/pigeon) on apomorphine-induced peking (aip) were investigated. this study showed that li+ and ami-193 did not...

toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), considered one of  the most important tlr, recognizes lipopolysaccharide of  gram-negative bacteria. recognition  of  ligands by  tlrs  induces signaling pathways resulting in activation of transcriptional factors such as nf-κb which are involved in  the  expression of  inflammatory cytokines and  chemokines. to  prevent  an inappropriate immune response, a complex ...

the innate immune system recognizes the presence of bacterial products through the expression of a family of membrane receptors known as toll-like receptors (tlrs). polymorphisms in tlrs have been shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. the aim of this study was to determine whether there was a correlation between polymorphisms of tlr...

objective: it has been shown that silybum marianum or its extracts have hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. nitric oxide (no) plays an important role in neurotransmission, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity and pathological pain, as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system. therefore, this experiment was performed in orde...

background and objective: familial hypercholesterolemia (fh) is an autosomal trait, which is caused by mutations in low density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr) gene. fh penetrance is about 100% and worldwide prevalence for heterozygous subjects is almost 1 in 500 and for homozygous 1 in 1,000,000. the patients are at risk of premature coronary heart disease (chd) due to defective ldlr and hence cho...