This study was designed to compare estimates from two quasi-induced exposure methods of the effects of driver- and vehicle-related conditions on the risk of causing a road crash for drivers of vehicles with four or more wheels. From the Spanish register of road crashes with victims, the authors selected, for 1993-2002, all 755,329 drivers of >or=4-wheeled vehicles involved in single-vehicle cra...

in the present study, interactions between lead exposure with nitric oxide precursor (l-arginine) or nitric oxide synthase (nos) inhibitor (l-name) on naloxone-induced jumping and diarrhea in morphine-dependent mice were examined. chronic lead acetate (0.05%) exposure altered naloxone-induced jumping and diarrhea in mice. jumping was decreased after 7 days and was unchanged 14 and 28 days after...

objective(s): noise-induced hearing loss (nihl) is the major cause of acquired hearing loss.  celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) inhibitor, is a non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (nsaid) with known antioxidant and antineoplastic activity. therefore, we monitored the extent of temporary noise- induced threshold shifts (tts) and cochlear damage caused by high level 4- khz noise exposure t...

The mechanisms by which various biological effects are triggered by exposure to an electromagnetic field are not fully understood and have been the subject of debate. Here, the effects of exposing typical representatives of the major microbial taxa to an 18 GHz microwave electromagnetic field (EMF)were studied. It appeared that the EMF exposure induced cell permeabilisation in all of the bacter...

nicotine is an alkaloid by high level of addictive property that can quickly assimilate from smoker’s lung. it passes from the placenta and gathers in the developing fetus. our previous study showed that collagen type iv plays a critical role in basement membrane of different embryonic organs. in this study the effect of maternal nicotine was evaluated by collagen iv changes in lung of mice off...

Given a directed graph G = (V, E) an independent set A ⊂ V is called quasi-kernel (quasi-sink) iff for each point v there is a path of length at most 2 from some point of A to v (from v to some point of A). Every finite directed graph has a quasikernel. The plain generalization for infinite graphs fails, even for tournaments. We investigate the following conjecture here: for any digraph G = (V,...

An even pair in a graph is a pair of non-adjacent vertices such that every chordless path between them has even length. A graph is called strict quasi-parity when every induced subgraph that is not a clique has an even pair, and it is called perfectly contractile when every induced subgraph can be turned into a clique through a sequence of even-pair contractions. In this paper we determine the ...