crops and agricultural products are subject to natural loading during growth. different mechanical forces are also exerted on them during harvest. one product, sugar cane, experiences large shear forces are during harvest. an examination of the crop properties and machine parameters of sugar cane are necessary to develop appropriate cutting tools and the optimization and design of harvesting ma...

Infrared neural stimulation (INS) has been proposed as an alternative method to electrical stimulation because of its spatial selective stimulation. Independent of the mechanism for INS, to translate the method into a device it is important to determine the energy for stimulation required at the target structure. Custom-designed, flat and angle polished fibers, were used to deliver the photons....

This study incorporates household energy needs into Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) based poverty measures to examine in South Africa. Our household-specific line is founded on the application of semiparametric estimation expenditure shares that are used determine a equivalence scale and, thus, specific required consumption level or line. We find headcount extensive, exceeding 50%, as gap and seve...

multi-path is favorite alternative for sensor networks, as it provides an easy mechanism to distributetraffic, as well as considerate fault tolerance. in this paper, a new clustering based multi path routingprotocol namely ecrr (energy efficient cluster based routing algorithm for improving reliability) isproposed, which is a new routing algorithm and guarantees the achievement to required qos ...

The move to a pervasive computing environment, with the increasing use of laptops, netbooks, smartphones and tablets, means that we are more reliant on wireless networking and batteries for our daily computational needs. Specifically, this includes applications which have sensitive data that must be securely communicated over VPNs. However, the use of VPNs and mobile, wireless computing creates...