Listening is regarded as an interactive process involving decoding of information. This study was launched to find out the impact of bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) techniques on Iranian lower and upper intermediate learners’ listening comprehension. We selected a total of 120 participants in six intact classes, three lower intermediate and three upper intermediate. The proficiency level of th...

Assessments of tracheal diameter (TD) are important to select proper endotracheal tubes. Previous studies have used X-ray and physical indices to estimate tracheal diameter but these may not reflect the actual TD. We compared TD measured by X-ray (TD-XP) and by computer tomography (TD-CT) in 200 patients. Also, we analyzed correlation of TD-CT with physical indices such as age, height, weight, ...

objective: exposure to traumatic stressors lead to activation of arousal responses mediated by serotonergic and noradrenergic systems and it may cause a change in numerous neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine systems. there is ample experimental and clinical evidence to suggest that ginkgo biloba extract is neuroprotective and has antioxidant properties and can restore stress-induced elevation ...

We introduce a generalization of temporal-difference (TD) learning to networks of interrelated predictions. Rather than relating a single prediction to itself at a later time, as in conventional TD methods, a TD network relates each prediction in a set of predictions to other predictions in the set at a later time. TD networks can represent and apply TD learning to a much wider class of predict...

In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior of Kolmogorov, approximation, Bernstein and Weyl numbers embeddings Amixs,r(Td)→L2(Td) Amixs,r(Td)→A(Td), where Amixs,r(Td) is a weighted Wiener algebra mixed smoothness s A(Td) itself, both defined on d-dimensional torus Td. Our main interest consists in calculation associated constants.