The technical skill of surgeons directly impacts patient outcomes. Advanced tracking systems enable the development of objective motion-based metrics for skill evaluation, but these metrics are not sufficient to evaluate the performance in complex surgical tasks. In this study, we developed metrics for surgical skill evaluation that are based on the orientation of the surgical instruments. Expe...

Background and Objective: Non-technical skills are critical for patient safety and good surgical outcomes. Thus, surgeons should master these skills. This study aimed to assess non-technical skills among Iranian orthopedic surgeons. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two orthopedic surgery wards in 2019. A total of 22 orthopedic surgeons were observed in this sur...

We develop a model of endogenous skill-biased technical change in developing countries. The model reconciles wildly dispersed existing estimates of the elasticity of substitution between more and less educated workers. It also produces an estimating equation for the elasticity, which allow us to produce overdue estimates for developing countries. With four types of data, we …nd an elasticity of...

The increase in wage inequality since 1980 in the United States has been more pronounced in larger cities, even after accounting for di¤erences in the composition of the workforce across locations. Using Census of Population and Census of Manufacturers data aggregated to the local labor market level, this paper examines the importance of changes in the factor bias of agglomeration economies, ca...