For the whole of the 20th century it was believed that the Black Death and all the plagues of Europe (1347-1670) were epidemics of bubonic plague. This review presents evidence that this view is incorrect and that the disease was a viral haemorrhagic fever, characterised by a long incubation period of 32 days, which allowed it to be spread widely even with the limited transport of the Middle Ag...

Sir, We appreciate Dr Harvey’s interest in our paper, and wholeheartedly agree that coeliac disease is an important cause of iron-deficiency anaemia; this diagnosis will have been considered and pursued where appropriate in the patients in our study. However, the purpose of our study was not to expound every presumed cause of iron-deficiency anaemia in our large series of patients. Such a repor...

carnival is one of polyphonic word basis in mikhail bhaktin’s theory of dialogue logic. since “the carnival” is emerged from the mass celebrates in the middle ages, this element in language, is demonstrated with components, as humor, mockery and joking, rejecting the values of society, mixture of life and death, according to flesh and physical delight, social criticism, and in general, anything...