the dabuyids is a local dynasty who managed to dominate over an area known as padashwargar for more than a century. they came to power when on the one hand the sassanid empire was on the decline, and on the other hand the arab invasion had become irresistible. however, the dabuyids managed to take root in such circumstances and survive powerfully for a long time. the dabuyids even remained aliv...

The strife of discrimination, prejudice and racism is barbed and brutal, converged with the theory that due to certain differences in traits (physical, intellectual, cultural or religious) some people are superior to others. Therein begins the power struggle for economical, political dominance and social advantage. Violence is very often the voice of this contorted struggle, surging forth and a...

Previous research suggests that gays and lesbians not only look to the law as an important site of social recognition but also pursue strategies to legitimate their relationships outside of the law, such as having commitment ceremonies in religious institutions. While previous research suggests that homosexuality is a divisive issue within religious communities, we know little about how heteros...

Since 1954, American churches have faced a difficult decision: either say nothing about the moral issues that drive their religion or face losing their tax-exempt status. This fundamentally unsound choice falls down upon them due to an Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") regulation that prohibits religious organizations from commenting on the moral attributes of a candidate for political office.1 ...

Ideas from the life sciences and the physical sciences, particularly the ideas that ecosystems, the planet itself, and even the cosmos are interconnected and ‘organismic’, have in uenced the development of sustainability discourse. Sustainability advocates strategically deploy such scienti c concepts through subtly spiritualized language and metaphors to advance their arguments. Even when the l...

in the 2nd half of the 6th century a.h., when the isma'ili caliphate in egypt was in the worst political situation, a series of political sunni figures managed to reach the important position of vizara some times. they, who were sympathetic towards the sunni caliphate of abbasids in baghdad and eventually made the fatimid caliphate to fall, during their vizara for fatimid dynasty, had to h...