We review our approach to the second law of thermodynamics as a theorem asserting growth mean (Gibbs–von Neumann) entropy quantum spin systems undergoing automorphic (unitary) adiabatic transformations. Non-automorphic interactions with environment, although known produce on average strict reduction finite number degrees freedom, are proved conserve average. The results depend crucially two pro...

For the last few decades, doctrine of proportionality has demonstrated and corroborated that it is most effective legal standard used around Europe for adjudication constitutional rights. From its German origins, migrated across jurisdictions areas law become one successful transplants. However, there some confusion as to whether any justification intervention this in UK's system, system based ...

Parameters of equilibrium adsorption obtained from experiments using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) were used to evaluate the applicability of the steric mass-action (SMA) model to describe the adsorption of lactoferrin to cryogel resin under different conditions. The adsorption of lactoferrin on continuous supermacroporous cryogel with immobilized Cu ions was evaluated in bat...

cloning and expression of the l-phenylalanine dehydrogenase gene, from b. sphaericus in e. coli were done. the gene was cloned in the vector pet16b and transformed into e. coli bl21 (de3). the functional form of the l-phenylalanine dehydrogenase enzyme was purified by affinity purification techniques, taking advantage of the ability of this enzyme to bind to the nucleotide site affinity dye, re...

We uncovered the universal statistical laws for the biomolecular recognition/binding process. We quantified the statistical energy landscapes for binding, from which we can characterize the distributions of the binding free energy (affinity), the equilibrium constants, the kinetics and the specificity by exploring the different ligands binding with a particular receptor. The results of the anal...

hepatitis c virus (hcv) encodes two envelope glycoproteins, e1 and e2. our previous work selected a specific aptamer ze2, which could bind to e2 with high affinity, with a great potential for developing new molecular probes as an early diagnostic reagents or therapeutic drugs targeting hcv. in this study, the binding sites between e2 and aptamer ze2 were further explored. e2 was truncated to 15...

We have investigated the threshold of photodetachment of Li− leading to the formation of the residual Li atom in the 2p P state. The excited residual atom was selectively photoionized via an intermediate Rydberg state and the resulting Li ion was detected. A collinear laser-ion beam geometry enabled both high resolution and sensitivity to be attained. We have demonstrated the potential of this ...