The labor supply incentives provided by the early retirement rules of the United States Social Security Old Age benefits program are of growing importance as the Normal Retirement Age (NRA) increases to 67, and the labor force participation of Older Americans starts to increase. These incentives allow individuals who claim benefits before the NRA but continue to work, or return to the labor for...

— This paper focuses on the question of whether labor standards can affect comparative advantage in unskilled-labor-intensive goods in developing countries, and thereby influence trade flows. Using a Heckscher–Ohlin framework, the effects of low labor standards depend on the type of standard: Forced and child labor lead to an increase in the endowment of unskilled labor, and hence improve compa...

Between 2000 and 2050, the share of the population aged 60 and over is projected to increase in every country in the world; the same is true for the 80+ population in all but one country (Mali). Worldwide, the largest absolute increases are yet to come. Although labor force participation rates are projected to decline from 2000 to 2040 in most countries, due mainly to changes in their age distr...

I n addition to labor force and capital, energy plays a significant role in the production of commodities and services. Energy is the driving force of production activities. Therefore, it is an essential ingredient of growth and development. Results obtained from this paper show that the growth of oil products consumption has a positive effect on economic development via two channels: Firstly,...

In Nigeria, most farming activities rely on family labor. However, rural-urban drift and the movement of young people away from agriculture are making labor increasingly pause. Thus, labor has become a major constraint to expanding the scope of production by small-scale resource poor farmers. This paper provides an empirical relationship between labor and poverty using data from households. Thr...

This paper exploits a unique longitudinal data set from Tanzania to examine the consequences of child labor on education, employment choices, and marital status over a 10-year horizon. We use crop and rainfall shocks as instrumental variables for child labor. For boys, we find that a one standard deviation (5.7 hour) increase in child labor leads 10 years later to a loss of approximately one ye...

background one of the most painful experiences of women in life is labor. the use of non-drug methods for pain relief is on the increase. this study aimed to compare mono-stage and bi-stage acupressure at sp6 point on the severity of labor pain and the delivery outcome. methods this is a quasi-experimental single blind study from december 2010 to june 2011 in which 150 term pregnant women in la...