Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy with high morbidity and mortality indices. The emerging risk factors complex pathogenic mechanisms surrounding disease evolution are challenging. Thus, understanding these basis of will lead to better interventions targeted therapies. We conducted an integrated review literature on MM, assessment, mechanisms, anti-myeloma ta...

Objective(s): Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in activation of T cell responses. Induction of type1 T helper (Th1) immune response is essential to generate protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis. The intrinsic tendency of liposomes to have interaction with antigen-presenting cells is the main rationale to utilize liposomes as antigen carriers. In the present study, the e...

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive cancer of the skin with ∼30% mortality. Around 80% MCC tumors originate from integration polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA into host genome, leading to expression viral T-antigen oncoprotein ultimately, tumorigenesis. Though PD-1 pathway blockade has significantly improved outcomes for advanced MCC, many patients do not benefit or develop resistance t...

Affinity maturation of antibodies during immune responses is achieved by multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and subsequent preferential selection of those B cells that express B cell receptors with improved binding characteristics for the antigen. The mechanism underlying B cell selection has not yet been defined. By employing an agent-based model, we show that for physiologically reasona...

Affinity maturation of antibodies during immune responses is achieved by multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and subsequent preferential selection of those B cells that express B cell receptors with improved binding characteristics for the antigen. The mechanism underlying B cell selection has not yet been defined. By employing an agent-based model, we show that for physiologically reasona...

dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells that have a potential role in the initiating of immune responses. the cell vaccination is a new strategy in treatment of infectious diseases and cancers. in this study, we have generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells of lymphoma patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells then; these cells were used as vaccine in lymphoma patie...

Antibody affinity maturation, a hallmark of adaptive immune responses, results from the selection of B cells expressing somatically hypermutated B cell receptors (BCRs) with increased affinity for antigens. Despite the central role of affinity maturation in antibody responses, the molecular mechanisms by which the increased affinity of a B cell for antigen is translated into a selective advanta...

Background: The maturation medium for in-vitro oocyte maturation is usually supplemented with serum. However, supplementation of serum from pregnant women adversely affects the outcome of in-vitro maturation. The purpose of the study was to assess if growth factors or granulosa cell coculture could overcome the adverse effects of pregnant women’s serum. Materials and Methods: The basal maturati...

The maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in situ by danger signals plays a central role in linking innate and adaptive immunity. We previously demonstrated that the activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells by administration of alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-loaded tumor cells can act as a cellular adjuvant through the DC maturation. In the current study, we used allogeneic ...

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INDUCTION PERIOD OF AN IN VITRO HEMOLYSIN RESPONSE TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE ANTIGEN REVEALED THE FOLLOWING: 1. After antigen stimulation precursors of plaque-forming cells rapidly maturate to the point of hemolysin production. 2. Initial maturation probably occurs in the absence of cell division. 3. After initial maturation, a latent period of about 12 hr occurs before the fir...