Informal payments for health care are a growing concern in Albania and other transitional economy countries. Recent international studies have shown that informal payments can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status by causing people to forgo or delay seeking care, or sell assets to pay for care. Many countries are putting in place reforms meant to reduce informal ...

Although the lot size problem (i.e., the economic order quantity model) has been widely accepted and used by researchers and practitioners, it has also been criticized by others on the grounds that not accounting for some of the hidden costs in inventory systems often lead to poor results. This paper postulates that estimating these hidden costs may be attained by applying the first and second ...

Introduction Informal patient payments for healthcare are common in the Western Balkans, negatively affecting public health and healthcare.   Aim To identify literature from the Western Balkans on what is known about informal patient payments and bought and brought goods, to examine their effects on healthcare and to determine what actions can be taken to tackle these payments.   Methods After ...

informal payments to health care providers have been reported in many african, asian and european countries. this study aimed to investigate different aspects of these payments that are also known as under-the-table payments in iran.this is an in-depth interview-based qualitative study conducted on 12 purposively chosen clinical specialists. the interviewees answered 9 questions including the o...

Background and Objectives: In the real world, the obsolescence items are some items that lose their value over time due to the emergence of new technology. Because of rapid changes in technology, inventory management of such items is considered in recent years. Moreover, suppliers try to encourage the retailers for purchasing an item before it is outmoded with some policies suc...