A novel genetic vaccine that is based on a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon launched from plasmid DNA is described. The plasmid encodes a VEE replicon under the transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (VEE DNA). The VEE DNA consistently expressed 3- to 15-fold more green fluorescent protein in vitro than did a conventional DNA vaccine. Furtherm...

Let $\mathcal {X}= \{x_{1},x_{2},\ldots, x_{q}\}$ and let notation="LaTeX">$n(m,q,\ell)$ be the smallest notation="LaTeX">$n$ for which there is a code notation="LaTeX">$C \subseteq \mathcal {X} ^{n}$ of notation="LaTeX">$m$ elements ...

The enzootic or endemic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus (ID, IE, IF, and II-VI) are considered avirulent. In 1993 and 1996, outbreaks of encephalitis occurred in the horse populations in the Chiapas and Oaxaca provinces of Mexico, respectively. In both instances, enzootic VEE virus subserotype IE was isolated from brain tissues of dead horses. The present study invest...

In this paper, we discuss the equivalent conditions of pretopological and topological $L$-fuzzy Q-convergence structures and define $T_{0},~T_{1},~T_{2}$-separation axioms in $L$-fuzzy Q-convergence space. {Furthermore, $L$-ordered Q-convergence structure is introduced and its relation with $L$-fuzzy Q-convergence structure is studied in a categorical sense}.

The definition of $L$-fuzzy Q-convergence spaces is presented by Pang and Fang in 2011. However, Cartesian-closedness of the category of $L$-fuzzy Q-convergence spaces is not investigated. This paper focuses on Cartesian-closedness of the category of $L$-fuzzy Q-convergence spaces, and it is shown that  the category $L$-$mathbf{QFCS}$ of $L$-fuzzy Q-convergence spaces is Cartesian-closed.

We conducted a longitudinal observational study of 533 patients presenting to two hospitals in the Ecuadorean Amazon basin with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) from 2001 through 2004. Viral isolation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), IgM seroconversion, and malaria smears identified pathogens responsible for fever in 122 (40.1%) of 304 patients who provide...

We used previously characterized murine monoclonal antibodies to develop a panel useful in subtyping Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses by an indirect fluorescent antibody assay. This panel worked well with either prototype VEE viruses or a series of more recent VEE virus isolates. The panel is particularly useful for rapidly differentiating VEE viruses with epidemic-epizootic potenti...

In this paper, we shall show that the following translation \(I^M\) from propositional fragment \(\bf L_1\) of Leśniewski's ontology to modal logic KTB\) is sound: for any formula \(\phi\) and \(\psi\) L_1\), it defined as (M1) \(I^M(\phi \vee \psi) = I^M(\phi) I^M(\psi)\), (M2) \(I^M(\neg \phi) \neg I^M(\phi)\), (M3) \(I^M(\epsilon ab) \Diamond p_a \supset . \wedge \Box p_b .\wedge p_a\), wher...

Let $\epsilon > 0$ be sufficiently small and let $0 < \eta 1/522$. We show that if $X$ is large enough in terms of $\epsilon$ then for any squarefree integer $q \leq X^{196/261-\epsilon}$ $X^{\eta}$-smooth one can obtain an asymptotic formula with power-saving error term the number integers arithmetic progression $a \pmod{q}$, $(a,q) = 1$. In case squarefree, smooth moduli this improves upon pr...