the existence of passive makers in kurdish language, similar to that of ancient iranian languages can be very helpful in linguistic studies, language change and finding the nature of passive structures in modern iranian languages such as persian. the writers of this article have found a passive maker in kurdish language and its dialects such as sorani, ardalani, kalhori, ilami and horami that l...

The authors present a framework to guide development of evidential reasoning in object recognition systems. Principles of evidential reasoning processes for open-world object recognition are proposed and applied to build evidential reasoning capabilities. The principles summarize research and findings by the authors up through the mid-1990s, including seminal results in object-centered computer...

The importance of collaborative and social learning processes is well established, as is the utility of external representations in supporting learners' active expression, examination and manipulation of their own emerging knowledge. However, research on how computerbased representational tools may support collaborative learning is in its infancy. This paper motivates such a line of research, s...

Evidential reasoning is now a leading topic in Artificial Intelligence. Evidence is repre­ sented by a variety of evidential functions. Evidential reasoning is carried out by cer­ tain kinds of fundamental operation on these functions. This paper discusses two of the basic operations on evidential functions, the discount operation and the well-known or­ thogonal sum operation. We show that the ...

Our main aim in this paper is to contribute towards a better understanding of the epistemology of absence-based inferences. Many absence-based inferences are classified as fallacies. There are exceptions, however. We investigate what features make absence-based inferences epistemically good or reliable. In Section 2 we present Sanford Goldberg’s account of the reliability of absence-based infer...

Recently J. Lee (2010) made the distinction clear about the evidential –te in Korean between inferential evidential reading with PAST and direct evidential reading with PRES in tense. She offers a modal analysis of this typologically interesting evidential. I argue here that this evidential category, though with some modal force, must be distinguished from an epistemic modal category of conject...

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Ensemble classifier is a well-known method that has been used to solve several machine learning problems. To have reliable results, one should ensure the build of good ensemble. In order do so, researchers proposed some heuristics like Random Subspace (RSM), Rough set bas. The drawback these mentioned approaches their disability handle uncertain data especially when uncertainty represented by e...