one of the worst phenomena in a muslim’s life is apostasy. an apostate has renounced the faith and denies the principles and precepts of religion after accepting it. if either parent or both are muslims and their child accepted islam after his maturity, but he denied it later, he/she is called a natural apostate. however, if a person was born to a non-muslim family and converted to islam after ...

Friedrich Hayek devoted the later part of his career to investigating legal rules required for existence a free society. The subject this paper is Hayek’s treatment positivism, which he thought was most important intellectual movement responsible decline liberal institutions in Europe early twentieth century. As shown paper, critique consists two separate arguments: that positivism destroys rul...

As Charlton (1991, p.129) notes, to understand a thinker‟s finitism it is important to understand what kinds of infinity she rejects. Moreover, as I shall argue, to understand Aristotle‟s finitism, it is central to understand not only what kinds of infinity he rejects but also on what grounds he rejects them, for that will allow us to recognize some subtleties of Aristotle‟s account that would ...

The post-positivist domination of planning theory in recent years has rightly highlighted the social and political context of theories. Its impact through various guises including collaborative, postmodern and neo-pragmatic approaches has been significant. However, one area that has been immune to these broad changes and interpretations is typologies of planning. Typologies provide heuristics f...

allame tabatabaei believes that theory of fitrah (instinct qualities of human nature) rests upon the principle of general instinct conductance of creatures and considers this theory as a branch of it. he also believes in the theory of eternal inherent happiness and unhappiness of human being, explains it in a way that it can be compatible with the benevolent tendency in every human being’s natu...

A price-setting seller faces a buyer with unknown reservation value. We show that if the buyer is sufficiently risk averse, the seller can benefit from employing a Possibly-Final Offer (PFO) strategy. In a PFO, if the buyer rejects the seller’s initial offer the seller sometimes terminates the interaction. If the seller does not terminate, he follows up with a subsequent, more attractive offer....