given the strategic remarkable rank of pistachio in non-oil exports, inputs’ management in its production is so important. as the scarcest input in agricultural sector, water is considered to be among the most important inputs of pistachio production.water inadequate supply and limate conditions increase water demand in pistachio growing areas. it is necessary to determine the real value or pri...

In many markets, Žrms can price discriminate between their own customers and their rivals’ customers, charging one price to consumers who prefer their own product and another price to consumers who prefer a rival’s product. We Žnd that when demand is symmetric, charging a lower price to a rival’s customers is always optimal. When demand is asymmetric, however, it may be more proŽtable to charge...

Timbers of multiple tree species and sizes are often traded in a single market. Some previous studies have empirically examined their price interdependences, but the drivers such relationships remain unclear. I demonstrated with rational expectations model that when timbers two (or sizes) were gross substitutes production, steady-state ratio between prices was dependent on relative quality ease...

Obesity is a complex problem with many causes, from genetic and behavioral disorders to environmental factors, including access to calorie-dense fast food meals. Economists and epidemiologists disagree on the importance of access to fast food as a causal factor for obesity, but agree that any policy regulating access to fast food will likely use the price system, through taxes or other means to...

demand for farm output is theoretically consistent with consumer demand and marketing performance. many studies have focused on demand interrelationships at the retail level, but not on the demand for farm output. in this study, derived demand elasticities of sheep, beef and chicken were estimated in a complete system of demand functions by seemingly unrelated regression estimator (sure) for th...

This article compares the distortions associated with alternative intergovernmental allocation rules when a central authority provides inputs for the provision of social services by local governments, as well as when local governments differ in their needs. Under a quantity-based mechanism, the input choices of high-need localities will tend to be distorted downward. To convince the center of t...