studying gaussian beam is a method to investigate laser beam propagation and abcd matrix is a fast and simple method to simulate gaussian beam propagation in different mediums. of the abcd matrices studied so far, reflection and refraction matrices at various surfaces have attracted a lot of researches. however in previous work the incident beam and the principle axis of surface are in parallel...

Comprehensive beam tracing method is a simulation method that calculates refraction as well as reflection of sound. Due to the non-linear nature of Snell’s law, refraction (in contrast to reflection) is not a linear transformation. Because of this triangular beams used in comprehensive beam tracing simulation lose focus after refraction. In this paper the problem of non-linearity of refraction ...

Acoustical shadowing occurring at the edges of curved objects is one of the most frequently observed artifacts in ultrasound imaging. This artifact has been generally ascribed to refraction and reflection effects at the boundary between the curved object and the surrounding tissues. However, the shadowing that would be produced by pure refraction and reflection may not correspond in all circums...

Abstract The reflection and refraction of light are more familiar to students than the sound. Reflection that occur during transmission sound waves common phenomena in everyday life but often difficult understand actual learning. In this study, we developed a test apparatus can measure sound’s angles by injecting using super directional speaker with excellent straightness. Consequently, moving ...