This paper presents a new method to extract areas of interest in drop caps and particularly the most important shape: Letter itself. This method relies on a combination of a Aujol and Chambolle algorithm and a Segmentation using a Zipf Law and can be enhanced as a three-step process: 1)Decomposition in layers 2)Segmentation using a Zipf Law 3)Selection of the connected components.

At the 100th anniversary of the birth of George Kingsley Zipf, one striking fact about the statistical regularity that bears his name, Zipf's law, is that it seems to appear everywhere. We may ask these questions related to the ubiquity of Zipf's law: Is there a rigorous test in fitting real data to Zipf's law? In how many forms does Zipf's law appear? In which fields are the data sets claiming...

Abstract The main purpose of the presented paper is to obtain some time scale inequalities for different divergences and distances by using weighted scales Jensen’s inequality. These results offer new in h -discrete calculus quantum extend known literature. lower bounds divergence measures are also presented. Moreover, obtained discrete given light Zipf–Mandelbrot law Zipf law.

The diffusion of ideas is often closely connected to the creation and diffusion of knowledge and to the technological evolution of society. Because of this, knowledge creation, exchange and its subsequent transformation into innovations for improved welfare and economic growth is briefly described from a historical point of view. Next, three approaches are discussed for modeling the diffusion o...

The notion of density of a finite set is introduced. We prove a general theorem of set theory which refines the Gibbs, Bose–Einstein, and Pareto distributions as well as the Zipf law.

We present a broad, phenomenological picture of the distribution of the length of urban linear segments, l, derived from maps of 36 cities in 14 different countries. By scaling the Zipf plot of l, we obtain two master curves for a sample of cities, which are not a function of city size. We show that a third class of cities is not easily classifiable into these two universality classes. The cumu...

This paper illustrates how the Zipf-Mandelbrot law can emerge in language as a result of minimising the cost of categorising sensory images. The categorisation is based on the discrimination game in which sensory stimuli are categorised at different hierarchical layers of increasing density. The discrimination game is embedded in a variant of the language game model, called the selfish game, wh...

Many applications generate massive data streams. Summarizing such massive data requires fast, small space algorithms to support post-hoc queries and mining. An important observation is that such streams are rarely uniform, and real data sources typically exhibit significant skewness. These are well modeled by Zipf distributions, which are characterized by a parameter, z, that captures the amoun...