We developed a software tool (SlidingBayes) for recombination analysis based on Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Sliding-Bayes provides a powerful approach for detecting potential recombination, especially between highly divergent sequences and complex HIV-1 recombinants for which simpler methods like neighbor joining (NJ) may be less powerful. SlidingBayes guides Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC...

Assessing diversity is among the major tasks in ecology and conservation science. In ecological and conservation studies, epiphytic cryptogams are usually sampled up to accessible heights in forests. Thus, their diversity, especially of canopy specialists, likely is underestimated. If the proportion of those species differs among forest types, plot-based diversity assessments are biased and may...

The technique described in this paper uses singular perturbation and balanced structure to reduce the order of a large-scale plant model over a finite frequency range of operations pre-specified by the designer. This method reduces error rate in model reduction of real equipment that has to operate within a finite frequency range. The outcome of reducing the model within a specified frequency r...

The analysis of beat to beat fluctuations of heart rate known as heart rate variability (HRV) become a non-invasive clinical research tool to study the modulation that the autonomic nervous system exerts on the cardiovascular system. The missing RR intervals contribute a serious limitation to HRV analysis. The linear HRV measures are very sensitive to ECG artifacts. The objective of present stu...

(where t is Student's t, A is a measure of non-randomness, D is the estimate of density, and N is the number of sample points) and is considered to be analogous to the usual bounded plot sampling error formula tS/vN for the specific case where density averages one per plct. Using Student's t for the 95 percent level of probability, 90 percent of the density estimates, drawn from 40 computer-sim...

Methods: Experimental plots (4 m) were planted with seedlings of four grassland species arranged into increasingly larger groups (patches) of conspecific individuals while controlling plot-scale richness and evenness. Available light (photosynthetically active radiation; PAR) at the soil surface was measured each month for three growing seasons after planting. Species’ relative abundances were ...

Monitoring changes in soil C has recently received interest due to reporting under the Kyoto Protocol. Model-based approaches to estimate changes in soil C stocks exist, but they cannot fully replace repeated measurements. Measuring changes in soil C is laborious due to small expected changes and large spatial variation. Stratification of soil sampling allows the reduction of sample size withou...