Let R be a ring with identity 1. We say that R satisfies unit 1-stable range in case ax+b = 1 with a,x,b ∈ R implying that a+bu ∈ U(R). Many authors studied unit 1-stable range such as those of [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Following the authors, a ring R satisfies unit 1-stable range for an ideal I provided that ax+b = 1 with a∈ I, x,b ∈ R implying that x+ub ∈U(R) for some unit u∈U(R). Let R = Z/2Z⊕Z/3Z...

present paper is an attempt to estimate the impact of economic and geographic indicators in trade among islamic countries according to a bilateral trade model as gravity model, and study the relationship between economy, geography and trade in this way. fixed effect version of the panel data estimation producer with oic member country data spanning over the 2007–2012. the result of this researc...

Present paper is an attempt to estimate the impact of Economic and Geographic indicators in trade among Islamic countries according to a bilateral trade model as Gravity model, and study the relationship between Economy, Geography and Trade in this way. Fixed effect version of the panel data estimation producer with OIC member country data spanning over the 2007–2012. The result of this researc...

Bilateral trade deficits are a perennial policy issue. Former Deputy Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Japan and China, Merit Janow (1994 p. 55), notes that during the first George Bush administration, "High deficits coupled with the continuing allegations from U.S. business interests about the closed nature of the Japanese market were resulting in serious domestic political pressures for...

This paper focuses on Indo-Iranian merchandise trade for a period of 30 years from1980-81 to 2009-10. The study is based on econometric modeling comprising 3 versions of the RWM model and alternative forms and specification of regression functions. RWM model(s) evaluates the stationary nature of time series data relating to GNP, Exports, Imports and total merchandise Indo-Iranian trade. Dickey-...

This paper investigates the impact of the US and China’s foreign aids to Africa on trade flows between donor and recipient countries. Evidence from the gravity model estimates reveals that the two donors’ exports are strengthened by their aids to African partners. Interestingly, China’s aid shows a positive effect on its total volume of trade and imports from Africa, while the aid from the US e...

for the analysis of structures, the first step consists of configuration processing followed by data generation. this step is the most time consuming part of the analysis for large-scale structures. in this paper new graph products called triangular and circular graph products are developed for the formation of the space structures. the graph products are extensively used in graph theory and co...