Airways, departure procedures, arrival procedures, instrument approach procedures, and other aeronautical information is designed and created by more than 220 countries around the world. The information created by them is designed according to ICAO PANS OPS in most countries and according to the United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPs) for the U.S. and many of the other...

Realistic geometry of human upper airways from mouth to the end of trachea was reconstructed by implementing the CT-Scan images of a male subject.   A computational model for analyzing the airflow in the airways was developed and several simulations were performed.  To capture the anisotropy of the inhaled airflow in the upper airways, the Reynolds stress transport model of turbulence was used ...

Chronic bronchitis, the so called English disease, has been declining as a cause of death throughout this century in all age groups and for both sexes. Recently concern has been expressed among epidemiologists that in Britain this rapidly declining mortality has suffered a setback: the trend has been reversed and the already substantial burden of chronic obstructive airways disease is going to ...

There is increasing evidence for a close link between the upper and the lower respiratory tracts and the fact that rhinitis has an important impact on asthma. Several clinical and experimental observations suggest a similar immunopathology between the upper and lower airways in allergic subjects. The common inflammatory process that develops in the respiratory tract explains some of the complex...

FIBROSING mediastinitis is a rare disease characterized by an abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue and acellular collagen within the mediastinum. Most cases of fibrosing mediastinitis in the United States are caused by an exaggerated granulomatous immunologic response to Histoplasma capsulatum infection. However, other possible etiologic conditions include tuberculosis, mediastinal malignan...

Miller, G. J. (1974). Thorax, 495-504. Cigarette smoking and irreversible airways obstruction in the West Indies. Two communities, one in Jamaica and one in Guyana, have been surveyed in order to investigate the relationships between cigarette smoking, respiratory symptoms, and lung function in the West Indies. Cigarette consumption was less than that reported in the United Kingdom, particularl...

BACKGROUND It has been established that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) often have co-existing asthma. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test two hypotheses: (i) upper and lower airway inflammation in CRSwNP is uniform in agreement with the united airways concept; and (ii) bronchial inflammation exists in all CRSwNP patients irrespective of clinical asthma status. METHOD...