objective: crocin and safranal are the main components of saffron, and have many biological functions such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. in the present study, we investigated the effects of crocin, safranal, morphine, diclofenac and naloxone in combined and separately on formalin-induced orofacial pain in rats. materials and methods: subcutaneous injection of a diluted formal...

The present study investigated the effects of intra-dentate gyrus microinjection of naloxone (an opioid antagonist) and thioperamide (an antagonist of histamine H3 receptors) in the formalin test in rats. Subcutaneous injection of formalin (50 μl, 2.5 %) in the ventral surface of right hind paw produced a biphasic pattern (first phase: 0-5 min and second phase: 15 60 min) of licking/biting and ...

in the present study, interactions of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists with water swimming stress (wss) on naloxone-induced jumping in morphine-dependent mice were examined. mice were rendered dependent as described in the methods section. the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (1 mg/kg), was injected to elicit jumping (as a withdrawal sign). the first group exposed to wss in the pr...

Objective: Crocin and safranal are the main components of saffron, and have many biological functions such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of crocin, safranal, morphine, diclofenac and naloxone in combined and separately on formalin-induced orofacial pain in rats. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous injection of a diluted formal...

calcium, through its various channels involves in local, spinal and supra-spinal transmission of pain. in the present study, we investigated the separate and combined treatment effects of verapamil (a calcium channel blocker), morphine (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) on pain in the orofacial region of rats. orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous (sc) injection of for...