The notion that two characters evolve independently is of interest for two reasons. First, theories of biological integration often predict that change in one character requires complementary change in another. Second, character independence is a basic assumption of most phylogenetic inference methods, and dependent characters might confound attempts at phylogenetic inference. Previously propos...

Quantum simulations constructing probability tensors of biological multi-taxa in phylogenetic trees are proposed, in terms of positive trace preserving maps, describing evolving systems of quantum walks with multiple walkers. Basic phylogenetic models applying on trees of various topologies are simulated following appropriate decoherent quantum circuits. Quantum simulations of statistical infer...

We cannot afford to ignore, as physicians or citizens, the biological attributes of sex in the study of behaviour, achievement or disease. The biological sciences, borrowing many facts from medical and pathological experience, have established a few fundamental principles of great value in the study of primary and secondary sex differentiation, and in the light of these principles our knowledge...

in order to evaluate the effects of drought stress and plant density on yield, yield components and morphological characters of pinto bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) c.o.s16 cultivar, a field experiment was conducted in split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of yasouj university during 2010. experimental treatments were pinto be...

BACKGROUND The flower bug Orius sauteri is an important polyphagous predator that is widely used for the biological control of mites and aphids. However, the optimal conditions for mass rearing of this insect are still unclear, thus limiting its application. METHODOLOGY In this study, we investigated the optimal ingredients of an artificial diet for raising O. sauteri using a microencapsulati...

The preimaginal stages including egg, mature larva and pupa of Pseudaspidapion botanicum Alonso-Zarazaga & Wang, 2011 were described and figured, diagnostic characters of larva and pupa were discussed, and corresponding biological information was supplied. The nomenclature of frontal setae in the larva compared with curculionid weevils, the absence of the hypopharyngeal bracon in the larva, and...

Abstract Morphologically homogeneous groups, either living populations or fossil paleo-populations, must be regarded as ecological species, independent of their molecular genetic resemblance in forms. Morphology is always expressed during development by structure genes initiated from a network regulator acting at different times and intensities, additionally being subjected to epigenetic contro...

I.-INTRODUCTION: Most of the research within the field of interactive characters has concentrated on generating guidelines, or models, for believable individual variability among characters, often based on psychological personality models (such as Nass, Isbister and Lee, 2000), or biological behaviors (for example, see Blumberg, 1994). In contrast, we ascribe to Bates' proposition that "believa...