Correct decision making is crucial for animals to maximize foraging success and minimize predation risk. Group-living animals can make such decisions by using their own personal information or by pooling information with other group members (i.e. social information). Here, we investigate how individuals might best balance their use of personal and social information. We use a simple modelling a...

The purpose of this study is to explore the link between decentralization and the impact of natural disasters through empirical analysis. It addresses the issue of the importance of the role of local government in disaster response through different means of decentralization. By studying data available for 50 countries, it allows to develop the knowledge on the role of national government in se...

Decentralization has long been advocated as a desirable process for improving health systems. Nevertheless, we still lack a sufficient analytical framework for systematically studying how decentralization can achieve this objective. We do not have adequate means of analyzing the three key elements of decentralization: (1) the amount of choice that is transferred from central institutions to ins...

educational psychology has approved that children will become accountable if we let them to make their own decisions, and they will be grown up self-confidence if we trust them. according to the same matters, the article no.12 of children’s rights international convention suggests providing opportunities for children to be able to make decisions whether by themselves or their representatives. t...

The institutional level at which policies should be determined is an important issue that has been extensively treated in the economics literature. In particular, the literature has discussed to what extent decentralization of policy decisions give an inefficient outcome. With a homogeneous population and perfect population mobility, as it conventionally is modeled, the following result is deri...

This paper investigates the emission reduction performance for supply chain members in both single-channel and exclusive dual-channel cases. Two game scenarios (Manufacturer Stackelberg and Retailer Stackelberg) are examined under different channel structures. Furthermore, we introduce government subsidies as an impact factor of low-carbon strategy adoption. In the single-channel (Case 1), we m...