the author intend to by studying the historical causes of the appearance of the novation in the west and explanation of its legal nature from past to present of french law, proves on the one hand that the novation does not extracted from the french civil code and in the shiite jurisprudence with quite similar terms even before the enactment of iranian civil code, was considered by the shiite su...

The variability of temperature extremes has been the focus of attention during the past several decades and had a great influence on the hydrologic cycle. A long-term, high-quality daily maximum (TX) and minimum temperature (TN) of seven stations was used to determine the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme temperature events in Lake Urmia Basin in Iran during 1987 to 2014. The RCli...

abstract global financial crisis has created too many problems in relations among governments. among these problems, the issue of global monetary management, more than every time in the past four decades, has been moved in the center of international economic attentions. a problem which is specially known with the monetary hostility between united states and public republic of china. where ar...