It is generally acknowledged that motivation plays a critical role in second-language (L2) reading. The technology-enhanced learning environment, specifically the computer-assisted reading environment as an interactive tool with distinctive attributes, is said to motivate English as a foreign language (EFL) learners to make more sustained efforts in online reading and show greater perseverance....

We investigated whether expiratory muscle loading induced by the application of expiratory flow limitation (EFL) during exercise in healthy subjects causes a reduction in quadriceps muscle blood flow in favor of the blood flow to the intercostal muscles. We hypothesized that, during exercise with EFL quadriceps muscle blood flow would be reduced, whereas intercostal muscle blood flow would be i...

BACKGROUND Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) during tidal breathing is common in patients with severe COPD, and a major determinant of dynamic hyperinflation and exercise limitation. EFL can be measured by the forced oscillation technique (FOT); however, the relevance to clinical parameters is not fully understood. We hypothesized that emphysema extent and pulmonary function would contribute ind...

Web 2.0 technologies are increasing in popularity, offering huge possibilities, but also bringing new challenges to language learning classes. In the context of ESL and EFL teaching and learning Web 2.0 technologies, specifically blogs and wikis can be used for teaching collaborative process writing. This study investigates previous research on the use of blogs and wikis as tools for collaborat...

Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing by Paul Nation is written for in-service and future teachers who want to learn more about encouraging their students’ development of reading and writing skills in classrooms of English as a second language (ESL) or English as a foreign language (EFL). It has been conceived and used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses of teaching methods. It ...

In order to inform English foreign language (EFL) diagnostic assessment of literacy, this study examined the extent which 175 first-language Hebrew-speaking EFL young learners from fifth tenth grade exhibited differences in single-letter grapheme recognition, sub-word, and word reading, rapid automatized naming (RAN) letters numbers. addition, cross-sectional quasi-experimental quantitative cor...