The paper analyzes the information and agency cost effects of bank equity stakes in a universal banking system where banks can also be shareholders in borrowing firms. We test the agency and signaling hypotheses explaining the bank motivations for holding equity of borrowing firms in the Spanish market and we analyze the share abnormal returns around the announcements of bank equity holdings. T...

Ecology is a wide spread concept, there lot of theories based on it, the main aim concept to focus element its contest, studying system. The term in Urban planning and cities has been developing through time literatures need eliminate Misleading understanding Ecological, this research focuses tracking down evolvement that how shifted from spatial social environmental, resulting state complement...

The Earth’s atmosphere is an environment replete with particles of differ-ent sizes with various refractive indices which affect the light radiation traveling through it. The Mie scattering theory is one of the well-known light scattering techniques ap-plicable to modeling of electromagnetic scattering from tiny atmospheric particles or aerosols floating in the air or within the clouds. In this...

Nowadays, planning is no longer considered merely a scientific and technical career nor agovernment responsibity. It rather functions as a bridge connecting the planners to institutional changes. In otherwords, the planning theory does not develop in a social, economic and political vacuum, but is formulated byindividuals in social situations with the aim of clarifying the enviroment recommendi...

in less developed or developing countries like iran, the developing plans, due to the governance of non-scientific approaches in the feasibility study phase, provoke destroying environment, nonsustainably development and ruining the land use planning of districts. countless experiences show that usually the solutions to solve the problems do not function properly as these unpleased consequences...