In light of the increasing globalization of the health sector, this article examines ways in which health services can be traded, using the mode-wise characterization of trade defined in the General Agreement on Trade in Services. The trade modes include cross- border delivery of health services via physical and electronic means, and cross-border movement of consumers, professionals, and capita...

The general purpose of this study is to develop both efficient and equitable freeway ramp control strategies. Measures of efficiency and equity for ramp meters are defined and applied to data collected in the Twin Cities ramp metering shut-off experiment. A trade-off between efficiency and equity is evident from the results of data analysis. A new time-dependent optimization program for the glo...

Resource allocation problems are concerned with the allocation of limited resources among competing activities so as to achieve the best performances. In systems which serve many usersthere is a need to respect some fairness rules while looking for the overall efficiency. The so-called Max-Min Fairness is widely used to meet these goals. However, allocating the resource to optimize the worst pe...

Distributive justice concerns how individuals and societies distribute benefits and burdens in a just or moral manner. We combined distribution choices with functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the central problem of distributive justice: the trade-off between equity and efficiency. We found that the putamen responds to efficiency, whereas the insula encodes inequity, and the ca...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stock futures fall risk with non-transparent financial reporting at three levels of size, efficiency and return on equity, in the period 2010 to 2014 was in Tehran Stock Exchange. The population of the study are all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Data collected and calculated by using Excel software Eviews 7 been ...

We performed an empirical elicitation of the equity-efficiency trade-off in cost-utility analysis using the rank-dependent quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) model, a model that includes as special cases many of the social welfare functions that have been proposed in the literature. Our elicitation method corrects for utility curvature and, therefore, our estimated equity weights are not affecte...

A long Utilitarian tradition has the ideal of equal regard for all individuals, both those now living and those yet to be born. The literature formalizes this ideal as asking for a preference relation on the space of infinite utility streams that is complete, transitive, invariant to finite permutations, and respects the Pareto ordering; an ethical preference relation, for short. This paper arg...

This paper examines the problem of aggregating infinite utility streams with a social welfare function that respects the Hammond Equity and Weak Pareto Axioms. The paper provides a complete characterization of domains (of the one period utilities) on which such an aggregation is possible. A social welfare function satisfying the Hammond Equity and Weak Pareto Axioms exists on precisely those do...