In 1873, former slave John Washington (1838–1918) wrote his memoir, Memorys of the Past. This account includes a remarkable map that locates Washington’s experiences as a slave, his acts of resistance, and the route of his escape from bondage in 1862. Washington’s map is both a work of memory and a rare example of a subaltern cartographic practice. The act of mapping his experiences in Frederic...

This study examines a sharp decline of school attendance among white children in the Southern US after the Civil War. According to Census data, the school-attendance rate among whites in the Confederate states declined by almost half from 1860 to 1870, whereas that in the Northern states was approximately stable. This shock left the South approximately three decades behind its antebellum trend....

The early history of psychotherapy in the Netherlands hardly differs from that of the surrounding countries. Somewhat later than in France and Germany, psychotherapy appeared during the last decades of the nineteenth century, with general practitioners who started to treat their patients (mainly for all kinds of somatic complaints) by psychological means. In the early decades of the twentieth c...

At the present time several hundred hydrofoil craft are in service throughout the world. The upsurge in the use of these craft did not really begin until the late 1950s, although fascination with the idea of supporting small boats with underwater wings dates well back into the nineteenth century. About he turn of the century, hydrofoil flight was achieved, to be followed in a few years by Bell ...

During World War II, behavioral scientists working for several U.S. agencies—principally the Office of Strategic Services, but also the Office of War Information, the Strategic Bombing Survey, and military authorities—advanced personality and social psychology through their investigations of the nature of Nazism, Adolf Hitler's personality, the German national character, and Germans' reactions ...

An important component of the long-run cost of a war is the loss of human capital suffered by school-age children who receive less education. Austrian and German individuals who were 10 years old during the conflict, or were more directly involved through their parents, received less education than comparable individuals from nonwar countries, such as Switzerland and Sweden. We also show that t...