Oestrogenic steroid hormones (‘oestrogens’) have a crucial role in cellular regulation in all vertebrate species. The levels required to bring about such changes are very low, around 0.1–1 pg/ml (picograms per millilitre) of serum. It has been known for over five decades that oestrogens affect the development of the male reproductive system of mammals (Zuckerman, 1940). Nonetheless, oestrogenic...

IN THE ARTICLE entitled 'An evaluation of "Ribolola": a household tuberculosis contact tracing programme in North West Province, South Africa' by Thind D, Charalambous S, Tongman A, Churchyard G, Grant AD (Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16(12): 1643-1648; http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0074), two errors occurred:On page 1644, paragraph 3, 'Those aged >5 years who were already on TBPT were none...

before being an islamic thinker, saied qutb was a literary scholar and critic whose impressionistic character as an islamic thinker was partially because of his magic and eloquent expression. nonetheless many people still know him as an islamic thinker without being informed of his critical and literary approaches, so his works on criticism and literature are becoming forgotten. this paper is a...

dear editor, shahsavari et al. have presented an excellent account of the development and psychometric testing of a clinical nurse instructor evaluation tool.[1] certainly, the evaluation tool has been put through a rigorous process that is made up of the steps typically necessary in the evaluation of tool development. however, a caveat may be that the tool might not have received input from al...

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is a prevalent clinical problem which affects 60% of term and 80% of preterm neonates. Garlic is the most well-known remedy used in Iraq for the treatment of jaundice. To test the effectiveness of garlic necklace in the treatment of neonatal jaundice.Methods: This cohort study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Al Zahraa Teaching Hos...

The evolution of novel features requires evolutionary change in gene function. New work in nematodes shows how conserved genes can nonetheless contribute to innovative traits.

In recent years, authors have focused on modeling and forecasting volatility in financial series it is crucial for the characterization of markets, portfolio optimization and asset valuation. One of the most used methods to forecast market volatility is the linear regression. Nonetheless, the errors in prediction using this approach are often quite high. Hence, continued research is conducted t...