S tudies have repeatedly shown that overall energy balance is the major determinant in weight management (3, 12). This is consistent with the first law of thermodynamics as applied to human energy balance: If you expend more calories than you consume, you will lose weight. For all intents and purposes, the first law of thermodynamics is immutable: Calories in versus calories out ultimately dete...

An isothermal process [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_process] is one which occurs at a constant temperature. In order for such a process to occur there should be a heat reservoir [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_reservoir], a large body in thermal contact with the system which has a temperature that will not significantly change as heat is exchanged with it. We will consider a quasi...

The First Law of Thermodynamics is developed from fundamentals for open, nonequilibrium systems of seawater in motion, exchanging salt and freshwater internally and with their surroundings, and varying continuously in temperature, pressure, and salinity. The aim is clarity and consistency of concepts ⎯ and precision in the accompanying vocabulary. Particular attention is given to the way in whi...

Thermodynamics developed before the atomic nature of of matter was understood. Major developments occurred in the first half of the nineteenth century. The names Carnot, Clausius, W. Thompson (Kelvin) are major names associated with these developments. Tsallis is a notable current worker in this field. Thermodynamics is based on a small number of basic principles (the laws of thermodynamics.) T...

We study P − V criticality of black holes in Lovelock gravities in the context of horizon thermodynamics. The corresponding first law of horizon thermodynamics emerges as one of the Einstein–Lovelock equations and assumes the universal (independent of matter content) form δE = TδS − PδV , where P is identified with the total pressure of all matter in the spacetime (including a cosmological cons...

A unified first law of black-hole dynamics and relativistic thermodynamics is derived in spherically symmetric general relativity. This equation expresses the gradient of the active gravitational energy E according to the Einstein equation. Projecting the equation along the flow of thermodynamic matter and along the trapping horizon of a black hole yield, respectively, first laws of relativisti...