This is the first study in Dutch anthropometric historiography that describes and analyzes the development of the biological standard of living of girls and young women from the perspective of female adult stature. It is shown that adult stature of women, imprisoned in the second half of the nineteenth century and born between 1815 and 1865, slightly increased, approximately 1 cm. From 1850 onw...

Until comparatively recent times, travel writing has not been a genre renowned for its humorous qualities. Yet nothing demonstrates the cultural and historical relativity of humour as clearly evolution from early nineteenth century onwards. With focus on three narratives failed quests, this essay traces broad developmental arc in over two hundred years. The narrative John Ross’s Arctic expediti...

American medicine was derivative in its origins. Beginning as an element of a culture brought from Europe by the first settlers, it was influenced by European sources and trends throughout much of its evolution. According to Dixon Ryan Fox, cultural transfers of this kind occur in four stages. First, a few educated in the mother country emigrate to the new settlement; then, the colonial youth a...

This paper proposes a new instrument for institutional quality—the salary of colonial governors—to investigate whether variations in the quality of British colonial rule continue to have an impact on the economic performance of former colonies. Governors’ salaries provide a good source of exogenous variation because the ranking of salaries across the British Empire remained relatively fixed fro...

youth play a pivotal role in nineteenth-century russianliterature. their life and thoughts were different from others. they developeddifferent ideas and methods. the grasp of different sciences, eloquence, poetand literature, fighting skills, and aristocratic way of life were commoncharacteristics of superfluous man. however, they were different from usualaristocrats. they did not find anything...