this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal spinal structure, especiallyin brachial enlargement. sixteen adult female rats were divided into two groups. diabetes was induced in one group by alloxan agent. both groups became pregnant by natural matting. on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after birth, the brachial enlargement of the spinal cord was collected from offsprin...

spermatids are the earliest male germ cells with one set of haploid chromosomes. after experiments, mainly in rodents, the spermatid injection was introduced in human assisted reproduction to the treatment of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. spermatid injection is a technique with particular difficulties that may negatively influence the outcome. the identification, isolation and the asses...

This paper shows a new algorithm to calculate the mean and temperature of multi-branch combinatorial games. The algorithm gradually, one node at a time, expands the offspring of a game. After each step of expansion, the lower and upper bounds of the mean and temperature of the game is re-calculated. As the expanding process continues, the range between the lower and upper bounds is narrowed. Th...

Consider a Galton-Watson process with immigration. The limiting distributions of the non-sequential estimators of the offspring mean have been proved to be drastically different for the critical case and subcritical and supercritical cases. A sequential estimator, proposed by Sriram, Basawa and Huggins (1991), was shown to be asymptotically normal for both the subcritical and critical cases. Ba...

Many birth defects and genetic diseases are expressed in individuals that do not carry the disease causing alleles. Genetic diseases observed in offspring can be caused by gene expression in mothers and by interactions between gene expression in mothers and offspring. It is not clear whether the underlying pattern of gene expression (maternal versus offspring) affects the incidence of genetic d...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the imputation accuracy of parent-offspring trios under different scenarios. By using simulated datasets, the performance Bayesian LASSO in genomic prediction was also examined. The genome consisted of 5 chromosomes and each chromosome was set as 1 Morgan length. The number of SNPs per chromosome was 10000. One hundred QTLs were randomly distributed a...

Revolution and Family in Rural China: Influence of Family Background on Current Family Wealth This paper examines the influence of family human capital on offspring’s economic status in post reform rural China by concentrating on the father-son relationship. We focus on two indicators of family background: family class origin (jiating chengfen) and occupational experience. The results of a fami...

This article studies the effect of parental background on the educational attainment of the offspring. In particular, it compares the effects of parental occupation and education and investigates whether the relative importance of these resources have shifted over time. In addition, this article studies, which parent has the strongest effect on the offspring’s education. Using data for the Neth...

Obesity during human pregnancy predisposes offspring to obesity and cardiovascular disease in postnatal life. In a sheep model of maternal overnutrition/obesity we have previously reported myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, as well as cardiac dysfunction in late term fetuses, in association with chronically elevated blood cortisol. Significant research has suggested a link between elevated g...