the most skeptical approach towards the authenticity of islamic original textss, was represented in the late 1970s by john wansbrough. by insisting that isnad of hadiths and bibliographical information are not reliable, wansbrough suggested literary analysis instead of dating of all early islamic texts including the quran. by employing literary analysis to early islamic texts of exegesis, hadit...

At least from the nineteenth century onward, certain observers have viewed Islam as a religion that discourages entrepreneurship by fostering fatalism, conform-ism, and conservatism. 1 Leading Muslim reformers of the nineteenth century, including Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–97), believed that this view confuses a perverted form of Islam, which counsels passive resignation to events, with auth...

This paper investigates the ways in which terrorism is linked to education and poverty using data newly culled from Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) documentary sources. The paper presents a statistical analysis of the determinants of participation in terrorist activities by members of the Hamas and PIJ between the late 1980s and May 2002. The resulting evidence suggests that both high...

I was asked by ISNA to produce a short guide to Islamic Banking and Finance for the Muslims of North America. To keep this guide short, we had to define our target audience rather carefully. This introductory guide is meant to address the Muslim who is familiar with the fundamental tenets and sources of legislation in Islam. The reader is not assumed to have elaborate prior knowledge of Islamic...

amulet prayers or the so called “ad'iyatul-hirz,” are a genre of islamic liturgical literature, prevailing among all muslims, especially in shiite culture. it is of importance to study these texts, whether in order to formulate the history of islamic liturgies, or to perceive the development of islamic culture and civilization, or to achieve a meaning tool for dating muslim traditions. as ...

The deductive organization of Euclid’s Elements serves as a model for mathematical and scientific texts in a variety of subjects from antiquity through the early modern period, not only in the West but also in the Islamic world and beyond. The study of this tradition demands formal methods that will explicitly and unambiguously represent the deductive structures of given texts. This paper explo...

the term “sānād” i-e (persian historical document) is an important key word in history. although there are many researches about purport, applicable field of “sanad” but historical linguistic of this term is little-known. in regard to that this word have not a long use by mean “written” and “document” in  iranian historical texts, therefore  mind question of this article is: when this term in r...