This paper discusses the main characteristics of a possible unified framework for specifying annotation schemes dedicated to the task of reference identification and linking on linguistic corpora. Built upon the foundation principles of the Linguistic Annotation Framework, the model (RAF, Reference Annotation Framework) is based on the combination of a simple meta-model (expressing markables an...

Objectives: Word definition skill is a complex language ability in which meta-linguistic awareness and literacy skills play a critical role. The present study examined the development of word definition skills in Persian-speaking children aged 4.5 to 7.5 years, concerning content and form aspects. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and analytic-descriptive study. The study subjects were 107 c...

Three experiments investigated whether linguistic and/or attentional constraints might account for preschoolers' difficulties when learning color terms. Task structure and demands were equated across experiments, and both speed and degree of learning were compared. In Experiment 1, 3-year-olds who were matched on vocabulary score were taught new secondary color terms by corrective, semantic, or...

A complete dialogue system within the task domain of making an appointment is presented. It is based on a semantic network representation of linguistic knowledge and a word recognition system that communicates with the interpretation component bi-directionally. System robustness is achieved using a special meta-score that evaluates the advance of the linguistic interpretation.

Although project-based learning is a well-known and widely used instructional strategy, it remains a challenging issue to effectively apply this approach to practical settings for improving the learning performance of students. In this study, a project-based digital storytelling approach is proposed to cope with this problem. With a quasiexperiment, the proposed approach has been applied to a l...

Grammatical Framework (GF) is a meta-language for multilingual linguistic descriptions, which can be used to build rule-based interlingua MT applications in natural sublanguage domains. The GF open-source package contains linguistic and computational resources to facilitate language engineering including: a resource grammar library for ten languages, a user interface for multilingual authoring ...

Reflective systems have a causally connected (metalevel) representation of themselves. Most reflective systems use the same language to reason about their metalevel representation as the language that is used to reason about their domain. In symbiotic reflection a different language is used at the metalevel. The practical usability of this symbiotic reflection is enhanced if a linguistic symbio...

We present the Royal Society Corpus (RSC) built from the Philosophical Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. At present, the corpus contains articles from the first two centuries of the journal (1665–1869) and amounts to around 35 million tokens. The motivation for building the RSC is to investigate the diachronic linguistic development of scientific English. Specifically...

The Diola-Fogny of S6n6gal, West Africa, socially intuit with the meta-linguistic terms 'big' and 'thin' the tense/lax vowel contrast that is basic to their phonology. The two terms are primarily used to identify speech variation among individuals and groups. Examination revealed that speakers who made relatively greater use of vowel harmony were characterized as 'big' in contrast to others who...