previous studies regarding teachers’ beliefs have revealed that teachers’ beliefs have influence on their classroom practices. the current study aimed to investigate the effect of teachers’ beliefs about teaching reading strategies on students’ motivation and success in reading comprehension in the context of english teaching as a foreign language in high schools of mazandaran, iran. data were ...

in iran we already use laminate tubes only in cosmetics industry. laminate tube manufacturers via using the most modern technology of the world, faced with the laminate tube market being saturated in cosmetics industry for packaging the cosmetic creams and toothpaste. but considering the great food market and therefore laminate tube features such as beautiful packaging, ease of use for the fina...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...

phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

1.0 overview it seems that grammar plays a crucial role in the area of second and foreign language learning and widely has been acknowledged in grammar research. in other words, teaching grammar is an issue which has attracted much attention to itself, and a lot of teachers argue about the existence of grammar in language teaching and learning. this issue will remind us a famous sentence f...

هدف اصلی این پایان نامه بررسی مترهای c-کاهشی، p-کاهشی و ایزوتروپیک لندسبرگ عمومی می باشد. ابتدا مترهای p-کاهشی تعمیم یافته را مورد بررسی قرار می دهیم. این نوع مترها شامل مترهایی از نوع p- کاهشی و ایزوتروپیک لندسبرگ عمومی می باشند. سپس برای این نوع مترها از انحنای پرچمی اسکالر، شرطی را می یابیم که به مترهای c-کاهشی تحلیل می یابند. این پایان نامه براساس مقاله زیر می باشد: a.tayebi, e. peyghan, a...

the present study was an attempt to compare the effect of peer metalinguistic corrective feedback on elementary and intermediate efl learners speaking ability to see which level benefits more from this type of feedback. to this end, 117 female efl learners at grade 3, al-zahra high school in kermanshah, iran were non-randomly chosen. the homogeneity of the participants was attained through a pi...