The mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance is crucial for plants to survive in harsh condition and the knowledge of this mechanism can be use to solve the problem of declining productivity of plants or crops around the world. However in-depth description is still unclear and it is argued, in particular that there is a relationship between high salinity tolerance and the ability to tolerate high ...

Absolute salinity measurement of seawater has become a key issue in thermodynamic models of the oceans. One of the most direct ways is to measure the seawater refractive index which is related to density and can therefore be related to the absolute salinity. Recent advances in high resolution position sensitive devices enable us to take advantage of small beam deviation measurements using refra...

Significant progress has been made in recent years in the development of microwave tomographic imaging systems for medical applications. In order to design an appropriate microwave imaging system for industrial applications, and to interpret the images produced, the materials under imaging need to be characterised. In this paper, we describe the use of open-ended coaxial probes for the measurem...

  Shrimp farmers have been suffering from loss of production due to White Spot Disease (WSD) in the last decades. A few studies focused on the environmental factors predisposed WSD. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of the different salinities on occurrence of WSD. The treatments were 30 ppt, 40 ppt and 50 ppt in triplicate and corresponding untreated control groups. White Spot Virus (...

Saline to freshwater invasions have become increasingly common in recent years. A key hypothesis is that rates of freshwater invasions have been amplified in recent years by increased food concentration, yet this hypothesis has remained unexplored. We examined whether elevated food concentration could enhance freshwater tolerance, and whether this effect evolves following saline to freshwater i...

where ε equals permittivity, εr equals relative permittivity, ε0 equals permittivity of free space (8.85 10 12 F Laboratory tests were conducted to simultaneously measure soil m 1), ε r equals dielectric constant (the real part of relawater content and salinity using a four-electrode Wenner array sensor. The sensor was modified to enhance the capacitive effect. Soil bulk tive permittivity), ε′′...

The protection of concrete structures against corrosion in marine environments has always been a challenge due to the presence of a saline solution-A natural corrosive agent to the concrete paste and steel reinforcements. The concentration of salt is a key parameter influencing the rate of corrosion. In this paper, we propose an optical fiber-based salinity sensor based on bundled multimode pla...

The NASA-CONAE Aquarius/SAC-D observatory for measuring the changing global distribution of sea surface salinity at unprecedented accuracy from space is scheduled to launch in 2010 [1]. The Aquarius Instrument comprises a 1.4 GHz radiometer and a 1.2 GHz scatterometer, both of which share a common reflector antenna, feed network, and other electronics. The ability to measure sea surface salinit...

San Francisco Bay is one of the most important estuaries on the west coast of the Americas. Its water quality is controlled primarily by strearnflow from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In fact, freshwater inflow from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta explains 86% of the salinity variability at the mouth of the San Francisco Bay estuary [klerson et al., 19891. The massive diversion of str...