the increasing rate of urbanization and rate of population growth over the 20th century has led to various problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and lack of open and green spaces that have affected the cities and their citizen's life. this condition has led to increasing demands for more land use, homes, and work places, more public transport and mass transit systems and mode...

Some individuals in the population may be sensitive or susceptible be to the effects of air pollutants. Such sensitivity may be to specific pollutants or classes of pollutants. However, sensitivity or susceptibility in some individuals can be to all irritants, but the sensitivity is likely to be response specific or organ specific. The U.S. Clean Air Act specifically recognizes that some indivi...

Pneumopericardium is defined as the presence of air inside the pericardial space. Usually, it is reported as a complication of blunt or penetrating chest trauma, but rare iatrogenic and spontaneous cases have been reported. Pneumopericardium is relatively stable if it does not generate a tension effect on the heart. However, it may progress to tension pneumopericardium, which requires immediate...

In Japan, room air conditioners, mainly heat-pump type, have been widely introduced into households. And "one unit to one room" really features today rather than "one unit to one home" in the past. In the circumstances where room-by-room air conditioning or all-season air conditioning systems are increasing, reduction of electric power consumption strongly required. As a consequence, the effici...

the relationship between public health and urban planning is an innovative and important issue that it has prominent position in future urban planning. in this context, adverse air quality condition and air pollutant concentrations higher than the permitted limit set by the world health organization is considered as a threat to the health of citizens in big cities. according to result of air po...

the functions of shelters are basically the same everywhere: to avoid extreme weather and to provide shelter for a comfortable living and working environment; but the designs and processes for those in different climates are significantly different. to live in the tropical area, olgyay stated two major problems the habitants have to be prepared for: the avoidance of excessive solar radiation an...

High respiratory obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a potentially disabling condition, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, disruptive snoring, recurrent episodes of apnea (or hypopnea) and nocturnal hypoxemia. It is a sign of increased pharyngeal airflow resistance (apnea hypopnea index (AHI ≥ 5). Twelve patients suffering from mild-to-severe OSAS received CPAP treatment and ...