In the harsh Chinese graduate labor market, urban, middle-class students continue to outpace those from rural, underprivileged backgrounds in job access and occupational attainment. Literature attr...

Abstract We use national Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) datasets from Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda to examine consumption by the rural urban poor of “unhealthy foods” (including ultra‐processed foods such as sweets sugary beverages) versus “healthy beyond starchy staples (such vegetables, beans, animal products, fruits). Consumption processed nonstaples is often associated in policy...

anthropometric measurements is a simple and reliable tool for assessment of nutritional status of children. in this study height and weight of 23,170 middle class school children of 6-14 years in the city of shiraz and four rural areas were measured. results showed no difference among the rural and urban children. they were close to the third percentile of boston standard for height and weight ...

This article will read Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Lolly Willowes (1926), which sees spinster aunt Laura escape the strictures of middle-class urban domesticity and move alone to Chilterns, where ...

In the midst of political stability and strong economic growth, post-apartheid South Africa is faced with the stubborn reality of widespread poverty and growing inequality. As economic empowerment benefits an expanding, mainly urban black middle class, the majority of people continue to live in poverty and mass unemployment. As the country's remarkable and peaceful transition to democracy unfol...

Recent years have seen an expansion in the work on the attitudes, beliefs and preferences of those middle-class groups that have accompanied the return of capital to many North American and western European city centres and their surrounding urban suburbs. Yet despite this, it is argued that there is little research linking gentrification to wider processes of social transformation, particularl...

Present study provides brief information about the growth of retail industry in India. Present study will reviews the increasing awareness and brand consciousness among people diagonally different socio-economic classes in India as well as how urban and semi-urban retail markets are witnessing substantial growth. In India the enormous middle class and its almost unexploited retail industry are ...