Changes in production cost always lead to changes in wholesale and retail price. How to adjust the wholesale price, retail price and order quantity in order to derive an optimal strategy for the supplier and the retailer is one of the most perplexing problems. The purpose of this study is to develop a strategy to maximize the expected profit by simultaneously determining the adjustment ratio o...

In this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the Iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from March 2000 to February, 2009 and error correction model (ECM).The causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. InProducer-Retail and Wholesale-Retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

Many markets for homogeneous goods feature market power and heterogeneity in the prices paid by buyers. Search costs are a common explanation for this phenomenon and are a concern as they generate inefficiencies. In this paper, I study a competitive market for homogeneous goods and, by exploiting a unique dataset, I find three facts that are opposite to what one would expect from a market with ...

In this paper we relate a bank’s choice between retail and wholesale liabilities to real economic uncertainty and the resulting volatility of bank loan volumes. We argue that since the volume of retail deposits is slow and costly to adjust to shocks in the volume of bank assets, banks facing more intense uncertainty and more volatile loan demand tend to employ more wholesale liabilities rather ...

We develop a price competition model for a new supply chain that competes in a market comprised of some rival supply chains. The new supply chain has one risk-neutral manufacturer and one risk-averse retailer in which the manufacturer is a leader and retailer is a follower. The manufacturer pays a fraction of the risk cost (caused by demand uncertainty) to the retailer. We apply this competitiv...

This paper presents an empirical examination of the effects of both deposit market competition and of wholesale funding on bank risk simultaneously. The traditional view of the relation between competition and risk has focused on the disciplining role of the charter value. In this project we argue that if the structure of bank liabilities and the costs of retail and wholesale funding are jointl...

We consider a supply chain with an upstream supplier who invests in innovation and a downstream manufacturer who sells to consumers. We study the impact of supply chain contracts with upstream innovation, focusing on three different contract scenarios: (i) a wholesale price contract, (ii) a quality-dependent wholesale price contract, and (iii) a revenue-sharing contract. We confirm that the rev...

This study estimates demand during the 1980-90 period for wholesale beef cuts by season and by trend. A data set containing monthly nominal prices for wholesale cuts and average choice boxed beef from January 1980 to December 1990 was collected from multiple sources, The approach expressed the change in demand for wholede cuts as the change in the price ratio of individual cuts relative to the ...

The effects of axial stellar rotation on the wind–momentum relation (WLR) for determining the extragalactic distances are investigated. Despite the fact that the mass loss rates grow quite a lot with rotation, remarkably the effects on the WLR are found to be very small on the average. As an example, for an average orientation angle between the rotation axis and the line of sight, the luminosit...