Any study of standards is complicated by the existence of numerous meanings of the term, which are often used virtually interchangeably. A few of these uses are most relevant to this book. It appears that the term fi rst came into general use in English at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. According to a contemporary observer, Richard of Hexham ([1138] 1988, 67), in this battle between the En...

The present study has been designed to investigate the exclusive and inclusive uses of deixis ‘ma’ in artistic and scientific texts. It intends to indicate the communicative role of this pronoun, i.e., the way in which it is applied by authors to communicate with their readers. The analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative perspectives by using a Persian monolingual corpus. In the prese...

Systemic functional grammar constructs a grammar for the purpose of text analysis to investigate how grammar is used as a means of making meaning. Grammatical metaphor is one of the language phenomena introduced by Halliday (2004) in the framework of functional grammar. The present work focuses on the application of Halliday’s metafunctional framework in health texts of English newspapers. The ...

To understand text, we must relate it with specified situations. This paper, on the basis of such an idea, discusses how the things that a text describes and the situation that the text relates to are expressed in a computer and how the topic of a text is extracted.

Similarity of text documents is important to analyze and extract useful information from text documents and generation of the appropriate data. Several cases of lexical matching techniques offered to determine the similarity between documents that have been successful to a certain limit and these methods are failing to find the semantic similarity between two texts. Therefore, the semantic simi...

This paper describes a rule-based approach to segment Arabic texts into clauses. Our method relies on an extensive analysis of a large set of lexical cues as well as punctuation marks. Our analysis was carried out on two different corpus genres: news articles and elementary school textbooks. We propose a three steps segmentation algorithm: first by using only punctuation marks, then by relying ...

This paper addresses techniques for extracting conceptual descriptions from text sources and queries based on an ontology. The taxonomic ontology comprises featurestructured conceptual descriptions, and retrieval is based on description similarity relative to the ontology. Introduction The aim of the OntoQuery project (Andreasen, Nilsson, and Thomsen 2000; OntoQuery) is to contribute to the dev...