in the recent economic literature, an important finding is the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth. before the 1970s, the most of economists believed that economic growth could be reached only by accumulation of physical capital. in the 1970s and after the pioneering works of mckinon (1973) and shaw (1973), this orthodox view was criticized by a vast amount of ...

A ccording to Apple, “ ... certain celebrity accounts were compromised by a very targeted attack on user names, passwords, and security questions.”1 Didn’t we cover defensive privacy tactics in my January column?2 Color me dazed and confused! Hacking in cyberspace? Nothing like that’s ever happened before. (I’ve got another heads-up for you iPhone users—Siri talks about you behind your back. I’...

In this article, we analyze the application of options contract in the special commodity supply chain such as fresh agricultural products. This problem is discussed from the point of the retailer. When spot market and future market are both available, we discuss how the retailer chooses the optimal production. Furthermore, overconfidence is introduced to the supply chain of the fresh agricultur...

Lamport’s Happened-before relation is fundamental to coordinating actions in asynchronous systems. Its role is less dominant in synchronous systems, in which bounds are available on transmission times over channels. This paper initiates a study of the role that time bounds play in synchronous systems by focusing on two classes of problems: Ordered Response, in which a triggering event must be f...

INTRODUCTION The chemical industry is a much safer place to work than many industries with fewer inherent hazards. Nevertheless, almost all the accidents that have occurred need not have occurred. Most of them have happened before and have been described in published reports. Someone knew how to prevent them even if the people on the job at the time did not. There is something seriously wrong w...