The 2004/2007 European Union (EU) enlargement by 12 member states offers a unique opportunity to quantify the impact of EU efforts to expand and integrate the scientific competitiveness of the European Research Area (ERA). We apply two causal estimation schemes to cross-border collaboration data extracted from millions of academic publications from 1996 to 2012, which are disaggregated across 1...

This paper studies the participation of Russian multinational enterprises (MNEs) in flight capital from native country. It estimates mid-annual size Russia 2015–2020 via channels its MNEs at 0.8% GDP. Theoretically and methodologically, this concentrates on two groups motives prerequisites for — generated by tax-avoidance domestic economic imperfections which lead to tax evasion­ institutional ...