In this study, the authors improved the understanding of the cognitive processes underlying the reflective-impulsive cognitive style (RI), which was initially measured by J. Kagan, B. L. Rosman, D. Day, J. Albert, and W. Phillips (1964) on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT). The authors determined the relationships between the RI style and the cognitive factors, which would be likely to ...

This chapter begins with a consideration of the labels used by investigators to describe cognitive style and proposes a categorization of these into two fundamental style dimensions: the wholist–analytic and verbal–imagery. Methods of assessing style are outlined and a simple direct method is described. Style is then examined within the context of other individual difference variables such as i...

In this study it was hypothesized that field dependence or independence would introduce systematic variance into Iranian EFL learners’ overall and task-specific performance on task-based reading comprehension tests. One thousand, seven hundred, forty-three freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior students, all majoring in English at various Iranian universities and colleges, took the Group Embed...

Abstract Field independence (FI) is the extent to which a person perceives part of field as discrete from surrounding rather than embedded in field. Several studies proposed that it represents cognitive style relatively stable individuals’ predisposition towards information processing. This study investigated effects Independence/Field Dependence (FI/FD) on topographic memory virtual environmen...

We theorized that interpersonal relationships can provide structures for experience. In particular, we tested whether primes of same-sex versus mixed-sex relationships could foster cognitive-perceptual processing styles known to be associated with independence versus interdependence respectively. Seventy-two participants visualized either a same-sex or other-sex relationship partner and then pe...

The purpose of this paper is to put forth a theory that will synthesize as much as possible of what has been observed about cross-cultural differences in thinking in the last few decades. The theoretical notion that is used is cognitive style, defined as learned habits to emphasize the development and use of certain universal cognitive processes. Three cognitive style variables will be used to ...