U rban poverty has long been a concern of urban and development debates, and has been an important focus in social science research. Informal settlement in Mashhad city is highlighted because of its wide spreading and severity. This study aimed to determine the causes of urban poverty in informal settlement regions. The data were collected from household level questionnaire in 2016 a...

Despite a massive investment in subsidized housing, informal settlement remains significant aspect of urban development Chilean cities. This paper first surveys the morphology contemporary settlements four cities to maps extent and location neighbourhoods that have developed informally or semi-formally. The broad pattern is more been practically eliminated from capital Santiago, yet mixed infor...

The extent to which animals other than humans can reason about physical problems is contentious. The benchmark test for this ability has been the trap-tube task. We presented New Caledonian crows with a series of two-trap versions of this problem. Three out of six crows solved the initial trap-tube. These crows continued to avoid the trap when the arbitrary features that had previously been ass...

Large ceramic femoral heads offer several advantages that are potentially advantageous to patients undergoing both primary and revision total hip replacement. Many high-quality studies have demonstrated the benefit of large femoral heads in reducing post-operative instability. Ceramic femoral heads may also offer an advantage in reducing polyethylene wear that has been reported in vitro and is ...

Domestic animals are highly capable of detecting human cues, while wild relatives tend to perform less well (e.g., responding to pointing gestures). It is suggested that domestication may have led to the development of such cognitive skills. Here, we hypothesized that because domestic animals are so attentive and dependant to humans' actions for resources, the counter effect may be a decline of...