Background: Spinal anesthesia is a type of neuraxial anesthesia that brings ample benefits. However, due to the fear of this type of anesthesia, many pregnant people refuse to experience it. In this study, we aimed to investigate the levels and causes of fear of spinal anesthesia in candidates for cesarean section. Methods: The current study is a cross-sctional study performed on 67 patients u...

the deeper we go into the history of architecture, the less physical evidences are found; ceilings are collapsed, walls are fallen and the foundations are faded out over the time. however, there is no trace of some of these buildings, but they are not completely destroyed and they have been surviving in written documentations. the period of ghaznavid empire (997-11860) encompasses one of the mo...

new simplified tectonic models and depositional history of late cretaceous rocks are established in a part of zagros orogenic belt that is located in the northeastern iraq. these rocks constutes the most important cretaceous oil reservoir in the middle east. the dependent tools are petrography, field study and the concept of drowning phases. this concept is relatively new and accurate in explan...

the decentralized structure of the arsacid empire brought both positive and negative consequences to the country. despite all confusions, this particular political trend helped ancient and local traditions to grow and flourish. at this time pars although has been isolated but played an important role to guard and respect the basic ideologies of the past achaemenids. persis kings’ coins minted f...

background: pain is a common experience among mechanically ventilated patients. pain among mechanically ventilated patients is aggravated by factors such as stage of illness, invasive procedures, and surgical interventions. the aim to this study was to investigate pain levels and predictors among mechanically ventilated patients during rest and routine nursing interventions. materials and metho...