Although there are some real world applications where the use of variable length representation (VLR) in Evolutionary Algorithm is natural and suitable, an academic framework is lacking for such representations. In this work we propose a family of tunable fitness landscapes based on VLR of genotypes. The fitness landscapes we propose possess a tunable degree of both neutrality and epistasis; th...

The optimum road spacing has been studied by many researches. It is an important step of forest road network planning. The goals of this study are determining the optimum road spacing in Kheiroudkenar forest of Nowshahr in Northern Iran and study of effect of kind of skidder on skidding cost and road spacing. Continues time study method was used to determine the production rate of TAF and Timbe...

introduction althoughthere is a consensus that the economic burden of burn injury is high, but few studies have conducted about cost of burns injury among pediatric in developing countries. we explored the main factors influencing on hospital costs and length of stay (los) associated with pediatric burns injury in kermanshah, iran. methods and material we performed a review ofmedical records fr...

The paper focuses on mapping the road network into 4-regular grid structures. A mapping algorithm is proposed. To model the road network GIS data have been used. The Geographic Information System (GIS) data for the road network are composed with different size of line segment lengths. The manipulation of the line segment length for mapping is analyzed. The algorithms and simulation results are ...

It has been hypothesized that number of road accidents and road casualties are increased in line with the raise in the variables of registered vehicles, population and road length. However, the effects of these variables toward road accidents are still inconclusive. Therefore, this paper develops models based on the variables which can be used to determine road accidents in Malaysia. In order t...

background: asthma is a common condition in general medical practice, and it accounts for about 1% of all ambulatory hospital visits. nowadays, hospitalization rates for asthma have actually been increased in some demographic subgroups despite recent advances in treatment. understanding the underlying factors that contribute to hospitalization and especially duration of the hospitalization of a...

This note compares some current theoretical mathematical work on spatial networks with data on inter-city road networks within States. In designing a network, a natural constraint is the total length, and a natural objective is to want the route length `(i, j) between typical cities i, j to be not much longer than straight line distance d(i, j). Write r(i, j) = `(i,j) d(i,j) − 1 for the relativ...

This paper presents an automatic method for road network extraction from low-resolution images using hierarchical grouping. The method consists of three major steps: firstly it extracts lines from original images and generates smooth lines in a split-and-merge operation; a hierarchy of line images is generated using different thresholds for line length, based on the extracted line images; the l...