In general, morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties of fungal cells are drastically different among solid-state (SSC), liquid-surface (LSC), and submerged cultivation (SmC) systems. In addition to these traditional cultivation systems, a unique liquid-surface cultivation [liquid-surface immobilization (LSI)] system and interface cultivation systems [extractive liquid-surface im...

1. Introduction Chemical diffusion (also named interdiffusion), originating from the fluctuations among different elements, is a common phenomenon in multicomponent liquid metals. The interdiffusion coefficients in liquid alloys control the liquid-solid transformation and are thus basic parameters for materials design from the melt. In this work, a novel X-ray radiography (XRR) technique (Fig.1...

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) composites produced at high pressures and temperatures are widely used as cutting tool materials. The advent of new, effective pressure-assisted densification methods, such as spark plasma sintering (SPS), has stimulated attempts to produce these composites at low pressures. Under low-pressure conditions, however, transformation of c-BN to the soft hexagonal BN (h-BN)...

Density-driven phase transformations are a known phenomenon in liquids. Pressure-driven transitions from an open low-density to a higher-density close-packed structure were observed for a number of systems. Here, we show a less intuitive, inverse behavior. We investigated the electronic, atomic, and dynamic structures of liquid Rb along an isothermal line at 573 K, at 1.2-27.4 GPa, by means of ...

Armillaria sp. F022, a white-rot fungus isolated from decayed wood in tropical rain forest was used to biodegrade anthracene in cultured medium. The percentage of anthracene removal by Armillaria sp. F022 reached 13 % after 7 days and at the end of the experiment, anthracene removal level was at 87 %. The anthracene removal through sorption and transformation was investigated. 69 % of eliminate...

A dramatic decrease in the ratio of chloride to boron was observed in the liquid discharge of a well proposed for EGS development in the Coso geothermal field. The decrease appears to be related to the transformation of some feed zones in the well from liquid-dominated to vapor-dominated. High concentrations of boron are transported to the wellbore in the steam, where it fractionates to the liq...