The price of crude oil in the U.S. never exceeded $40 per barrel until mid-2004. By 2006 it reached $70, and in July 2008 it peaked at $145. By late 2008 it had plummeted to about $30 before increasing to $110 in 2011. Are speculators at least partly to blame for these sharp price changes? We clarify the effects of speculators on commodity prices. We focus on crude oil, but our approach can be ...

Multiple choice tests are widely applied to assess students’ knowledge in science education. This study aimed at assessing the validity and reliability of Science Multiple-choice Test Malaysia. The items for this test were formulated by researcher together with a panel teachers head department close reference Secondary School Standard Curriculum (KSSM) syllabus. consists 50 multiple-choice four...

The ongoing regulatory transformation towards a single European electricity market started several years ago. rationale of this is that the liberalisation monopolistic energy structures should lead to building sustainable and flexible ecosystems, through an policy sets goals in line with requirements our epoch, such as development, security, promotion renewable sources. In context, Greece explo...

Buyers in the residential solar photovoltaic (PV) market are o‰en not fully informed about all competitors’ prices when making a purchase decision. Consumers’ lack of complete price information can incentivize sellers to charge higher markups, leading to less adoption. Large markups directly counteract public programs that subsidize solar PV. In this paper, I use proprietary data on consumers’ ...

Legal challenges and transitions of political power cause the future of regulatory policies to be uncertain. In this article, I investigate how uncertainty about environmental policy a‚ects investment and emissions at coal-€red power plants. I exploit a legal challenge to the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) that created variation in the probability that individual plants would need to comply w...

Studies of the mutant gene in Huntington's disease, and for eight related neurodegenerative disorders, have identified polyglutamine (polyQ) expansions as a basis for cellular toxicity. This finding has led to a disease hypothesis that protein aggregation and cellular dysfunction can occur at a threshold of approximately 40 glutamine residues. Here, we test this hypothesis by expression of fluo...